A hospital is an institution for health care provides patient care by specialized staff and equipment, and often, but not always providing for longer-stay patients.
Today, hospitals are usually funded by the public sector is, of health organizations (profit or for-profit), health insurances or charities, including through direct donations to charitable institutions. In history, however, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders. Similarly, modern hospitals staffed largely by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the history of this work usually carried out by the founding religious orders or by volunteers.
Contents
1 Etymology
Two types
2.1 General
2.2 Specialized
2.3 Teaching
2.4 Clinics
3 departments
4 History
4.1 Early examples
4.2 Roman Empire
4.3 Medieval Islamic World
4.4 Medieval Europe
4.5 Colonial America
4.6 Modern times
5 criticism
6 Financial
7 buildings
7.1 architecture
8 references
9 External links
Etymology
During the Middle Ages wasthe hospital more features to serve, such as almshouse for the poor, hostel for pilgrims, or hospital school. The name comes from the Latin Hospes (Host), also the root for the English words hospice hotel, hostel, and hospitality. The modern word hotel derives from the French word hostel, which removes a silent s finally presented from the floor to leave a circumflex on modern French hotel. The word is also the German word "hospital" are used in context.
Grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. In the U.S., hospital usually requires an article in Britain and elsewhere, the word is usually without the article, if the object of a preposition and as an indication of a patient ("in / to the hospital" vs. "is used in / to the hospital "), in Canada, both usages are found.
Some patients go to hospital for diagnosis, treatment or therapy and then leave ("ambulatory") without accommodation, while others admitted, "and overnight or for several weeks or months (" stationary "). Hospitals are usually from other species admitted to medical facilities by their ability and care for hospital and the others are often no different than a hospital described.
The best known type of hospital is the general hospital, which is set up to deal with many types of diseases and injuries, and typically has an emergency department with immediate and urgent concern for the health hazards. A general hospital is usually the largest health facility in its region, with a large number of beds for intensive care and long-term care, and specialized facilities for surgery, plastic surgery, childbirth, bioassay laboratories, einnd the good work. Larger cities, several hospitals of different size and equipment. Some hospitals, especially in the United States, have their own ambulance service.
Specialized
A teaching hospital in CanadaTypes of specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation clinics, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals and clinics for dealing with special medical needs such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric hospital), certain disease categories, and so on.
A hospital can be a single building or a series of buildings on one campus. Many hospitals with pre-twentieth century began as the origin of a building and developed into campus. Some hospitals are with universities for medical research and die training of medical personnel such as doctors and nurses associated, often referred to as teaching hospitals. Worldwide, most hospitals on the basis of a non-profit or charitable organizations are run by governments. Within the United States, most hospitals are nonprofit. [Edit]
Teaching
A teaching hospital combines support for patients with lessons for medical students and nurses, and often is a medical school, nursing school or college related.
Clinics
A medical facility smaller than a hospital usually as a clinic, and is often run by a government agency for health care or a private partnership of physicians (in nations where private Praktikerce is allowed). Clinics generally provide only outpatient services.
Departments
Resuscitation room bed after a trauma intervention, shows the high level of technical equipment of modern hospitalsSee also: Category: Hospital departments
Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore have in the departments. You can acute services such as an emergency room or burn specialist trauma center, unit, surgery or urgent care have. These can then be supported by other agencies wie cardiology or intensive care unit, intensive care, neurology, cancer center, and obstetrics and gynecology.
Some hospitals have ambulances and some chronic treatment units such as Behavioral Health Services, Dentistry, Dermatology, Psychiatry, Rehabilitation will have services, and physical therapy.
Common support units include a pharmacy, a pharmacy, pathology and radiology, and on the non-medical page, there are often medical records departments and / or publication of information department.
History
Early examples
Profile of the Askleipion of Kos, the best preserved example of a Asklepieion.
A doctor visits the patient in a hospital, 1682In German engraving from ancient cultures, religion and medicine were linked. to provide the earliest documented healings institutions with the aim of Egyptian temples were. In ancient Greece, Temple of the healer-god Asklepios, as Asclepieia (Greek devoted known Ασκληπιεία sing. Asklepieion Ασκληπιείον), acted as centers for medical advice, prognosis and treatment. At these shrines, patients would be a dream-like state into force of the induced sleep as "enkoimesis" (Greek: ενκοίμησις) is not dissimilar to anesthesia known where they receive either toline by the deity in a dream or were cured by surgery. Asclepeia planned carefully controlled spaces conducive to healing and fulfills several requirements of the institutions created for healing. The Asklepieion in Epidauros, three large marble slabs dating to 350 BC, preserve the names, case histories, symptoms and cures of 70 patients who came to the temple with a problem and shed it there. Some of the surgical cures listed, as the opening of an abdominal abscess or traumatic removal of foreign material are realistic enough to have taken place, but with the patient in a state of enkoimesis using narcotic substances like opium-induced . The cult of Asclepius was taken over by the Romans. Under his Roman name Aesculapius, he was with a temple (291 BC) on an island in the Tiber in Rome, where similar rites were performed provided.
established written after the Mahavamsa, the ancient chronicle of Sinhalese kings, in the sixth century AD, had Pandukabhaya King (Situated fourth century BC)-in-homes and hospitals (Sivikasotthi-SALA) in various parts of the country. This is the earliest evidence we have of institutions specifically dedicated to the care of patients throughout the world. Mihintale Hospital is the oldest of the World. ruins of ancient hospitals in Sri Lanka are still in existence Mihintale, Anuradhapura and Medirigiriya .
Institutions created to published specifically for the dying even in India. King Ashoka is said to have founded at least eighteen hospitals CA. born 230 BC, with doctors and nurses, the cost of the royal treasury. Stanley Finger (2001) in his book cited Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function, an Edict Ashokan translated as: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Asoka) erected two kinds of hospitals, clinics and hospitals for people animals. where there is no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted. " However, the University College London Dominik Wujastyk disputes this and argues that the edict to point out that Ashoka built rest houses (for travelers ) instead of hospitals, and that this has been incorrectly interpreted by reference to medicinal herbs .
The first teaching hospital where the students admitted were methodically practice on patients under the supervision of doctors in their training was, the Academy of Gundishapur in the Persian Empire. One expert has argued that "a very großenInsoweit is the credit for the entire hospital system to Persia" will be given .
="">[Edit] Roman Empire
The Romans created valetudinaria for the care of sick slaves, gladiators and soldiers around 100 BC, and many were identified by subsequent Archaeology. During its existence proved, there is some doubt whether they were as widespread as once thought, how many remains were identified only after the layout of the building and not through the surviving records or finds of medical devices.
The adoption of Christianity as state religion drove the Roman Empire to extend the provision of care. The First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD urged the Church to the poor, the sick to provide widows and strangers. He ordered the construction of a hospital in every cathedral town. Among the first was built by the physician Saint Sampson in Constantinople and by Basil, Bishop of Caesarea. The latter was connected to a monastery and provided lodgings for poor and travelers, and the treatment of the sick and infirm. There was a separate section for lepers.
Medieval Islamic World
Main article: Bimaristan
For more information: Medicine in medieval Islam
bimaristan In the medieval Islamic world, the word "" has been used to specify a branch hospital where the patients were welcomed, cared for and treatedbe by qualified personnel. In this way medieval Islamic physicians unterscheidenzwischen a hospital and earlier old facilities such as a healing temples, sleep temples, hospices léproserie, asylum, hospital, or, all of which were common in ancient times and more with the isolation of the sick and the mad (crazy) by the company as they offer a real cure. Some therefore consider the medieval Bimaristan hospitals as "the first hospitals in the modern sense of the word .
The first free public hospital in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid in the 8th Century opened. The first hospital in Egypt was opened in 872 and thereafter public hospitals sprang up all over the Islamic empire from Spain and the Maghreb according to Persia. As the system developed, physicians and surgeons were appointed, has issued the lectures for medical students and diplomas (ijazah) for those who are qualified to practice as an early parallel to modern medical schools. The first psychiatric hospital was built in Baghdad in the year 705th Many other Islamic hospitals often have separate departments dedicated to mental health .
Between the eighth and twelfth centuries CE Muslim hospitals developed a high Maß of care. Hospitals in Baghdad in the ninth and tenth centuries employed up to 25 staff and doctors had separate departments for different conditions. Al-Qairawan hospital and mosque, in Tunisia, were built under the rule in 830 CE and Aghlabid was simple but adequate, with warehouses in waitin organized ausgestattetg rooms, a mosque and a special bathroom. The Hospital employs nurses, including nurses from Sudan, and female doctors.Hospitals in the Islamic world featured competency tests for doctors, drug purity, nurses and interns, and advanced surgical procedures. Hospitals were also created, with separate sections for specific diseases so that people could be held with contagious diseases away from other patients.
Medieval Europe
Hospicio Cabañas was the largest hospital in colonial America in Guadalajara, Mexico
The church at Les Invalides in France showing the often close connection between historical hospitals and churches
Cancer Hospital at the University of FloridaMedieval hospitals in Europe followed a similar pattern as the Byzantine. They were religious communities, made with care by monks and nuns are available. (An old Bezademark for French Hospital Hôtel-Dieu, "hostel of God.") Some monasteries were fixed, others were independent and have their own foundations, as a rule of property, income for their support. Some hospitals were multi-functional while others are for specific purposes such as leper hospitals, or as refuges for the poor or for pilgrims: not all based care for the sick. The first Spanish hospital, founded by the Catholic Bishop Masona Visigoths in 580, in Mérida, was a xenodochium as an inn for travelers (designed mainly by pilgrims to the shrine of EulaliaMérida) and a hospital for the citizens and farmers. The hospital was the equipment of farms to feed its patients and guests.
Colonial America
The first hospital in America, founded the Hospital San Nicolás de Bari [Calle Hostos] in Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional Dominican Republic was. Fray Nicolas de Ovando, Spanish governor and colonial administrator from 1502-1509, approved the construction on 29 Dezember 1503rd This hospital apparently built a church. The first phase of construction was completed in 1519, and it was built in 1552 again. in the middle of the eighteenth century, given up, the hospital is now in ruins near the cathedral in Santo Domingo.
Conquistador Hernán Cortés, the two oldest hospitals in North America: the Immaculate Conception Hospital and the Saint Lazarus Hospital. The oldest was the Immaculate Conception, the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno now established in Mexico City, in 1524 to care for the poor.
The first hospital in northern Mexico was the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. It was in New France in 1639 founded by three Augustinians from l'Hôtel-Dieu de Dieppe in France. The project was the niece of Cardinal Richelieu began a royal charter granted by King Louis XIII and staffed by colonial physician Robert Giffard de Moncel.
Modern
In Europe the medieval concept of Christian care during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries developed into a secular, but it was in the eighteenth century that the modern hospital began to appear, serving only medical needs and staffed with doctors and surgeons. The Charité (founded in Berlin in 1710) is an early example.
Guy's Hospital in London in 1724 from a bequest, founded by the wealthy merchant Thomas Guy. Other hospitals sprang up in London and other British cities over the century, many paid for by private subscription. In the British American colonies the Pennsylvania General Hoscapital in Philadelphia in 1751 was chartered, was for £ 2,000 from private subscription matched by funding from the Assembly.
If the Vienna General Hospital opened in 1784 (now the world's largest hospital), physicians acquired a new facility that gradually developed into the major research center. During the nineteenth century to the Second Vienna Medical School was created with the contributions of physicians such as Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Josef Škoda, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Basic medical science expanded and specialization progressed. In addition, the first Dermatology, eyes and ears, nose, throat and clinics in the world were founded in Vienna, regarded as the birth of the specialist physician.
By the mid-nineteenth century, almost all of Europe and the United States a variety of public and private hospital system had been established. In Continental Europe the new hospitals were constructed and generally run by public funds. The National Health Service, the principle provider of healthcare in UK, was founded in 1948.
In the United States the traditional hospital is a non-profit hospital, usually sponsored by a religious community. One of the earliest such "poor houses", what dignity was the United Statese by William Penn in Philadelphia started in 1713. These hospitals are exempt because of their charitable purpose, but provide only a minimum of charitable medical care. They are characterized by large public hospitals in major cities and research hospitals often supplemented with a medical school affiliated. The largest public hospital system in America, the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, Bellevue Hospital, the oldest US-Hospital, affiliated with the New York University medical school are. In the late twentieth century, chains-profit hospitals arose in the United States.
Criticism
While hospitals, by treatment facilities, qualified personnel and other resources in one place, clearly provide important help to patients with serious or rare health problems, hospitals are also a number of errors, develop some of which are endemic to the system, others criticized the from what some consider wrong approaches to health care.
A criticism often voiced the "industrial" nature of care, with staff constantly wechselndenBehandlung that dehumanizes the patient and prevents efficient care such as doctors and nurses are rarely familiar with the patient. The high operating pressures often made worse to the staffthis rushed and impersonal treatment. The architecture and the establishment of modern hospitals is often complained as a factor in the feelings of the faceless many people treatment over expressed .
Another criticism is that even in hospitals are dangerous places for patients who often suffer from a weakened immune system - either because their bodies have to undergo significant surgery or because of illness, which she placed in the hospital. Most of these criticisms arise from the pre-Listerian era. But even in modern hospitals, hospital-acquired infections is an important cause of morbidity hospital, and sometimes mortality.
Financing
In modern times, the hospitals, are wide, either by the government of the country in which they are established or funded financially by competing in the private sector (a number of hospitals also supported by the historical nature of the charitable or religious organizations survive).
In the UK, for example, a relatively comprehensive, "exists at the time of delivery" healthcare system, financed by the state. Hospital care is relatively easily accessible to all legally resident (although, as hospitals prioritize their limited resources, there is a tendencyto "waiting lists" for non-emergency treatment in countries with such systems, and those who can afford it, often get a private health care to treatment faster). On the other hand, many countries, including, for example, the U.S. has, in the twentieth century followed a largely private-based, for-profit approach to hospital care, with few state-backed cash charitable hospitals are now even. Where for-profit hospitals do not give in such countries insured patients in emergency situations (eg, during and after Hurricane Katrina in the U.S.), they cause direct financial losses, that there is a clear incentive to such patient record.
Since the quality of health care has become increasingly an issue in the whole world to pay more hospitals had serious attention to this. Independent external evaluation of quality is one of the most powerful ways of assessing the quality of health care and hospital accreditation is a means by which this is achieved. In many parts of the world such accreditation is from other countries, a phenomenon known as an international health care accreditation, accreditation groups, such as Canada are from Canada, the Joint Commission of the United States, the Trent Accreditation Scheme from Britannicien, and Haute Authorit de santé (HAS) from France.
Building
The National Health Service Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital in the UK shows the utilitarian architecture of many modern hospitals [edit] Architecture
Modern hospital buildings are to minimize the efforts of medical personnel and the possibility of contamination while maximizing the efficiency of the entire system. Travel for staff in hospital and the transport of patients between units is facilitated and minimized. The building was also constructed to accommodate heavy departments such as radiology, operating rooms, while space for special wiring, plumbing and waste disposal must be allowed in the construction.
However, the reality is that many hospitals, including those that "as modern", are dictating the product of the constant and often badly managed growth over decades and even centuries, with utilitarian new sections added as needs and finances. As a consequence, the Dutch architectural historian Cor Wagenaar called many hospitals:
"... Built catastrophes, anonymous institutional complexes run by large bureaucracies, and totally unsuitable for the purpose they were designed ... you hardly ever functional and f instead of patients at homeBühler produce them stress and anxiety. "
The cafeteria of a hospital in Punta Gorda, FloridaSome hospital newer designs are now trying to design, that the patient considered psychological needs, such as providing more air to produce better again, and pleasant colors. DieseIdeen hear the late eighteenth century, when the concept was the provision of fresh air and access to the "healing power of nature," first employed by hospital architects in improving their buildings.
Another important change, which is still in many parts of the world, the ongoing shift from a Ward-based system (where patients are treated and in municipal spaces housed, separated at most by movable partitions), one based room environment, where patients accommodated in private rooms. The Ward-based system has been described as very efficient, especially for the medical staff, but is considered more stressful for patients and to the detriment of their privacy. A key barrier to the provision of all patients with their own rooms is in the higher cost of building and operating such a clinic, which in some hospitals for the privilege of private rooms for free causes found .
Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, is currently one of the largestten hospitals in the world, it is also one of the largest university hospitals. Ninewells also contains the first building in the UK by the architect Frank Gehry designed, in conjunction with James F Stephen. The draft of Maggie's Centre was commissioned to the cancer support organization, for their third center in the hospital and was officially opened on 25 September 2003 by Bob Geldof. Even ten million pounds has been spent remodeling and renovation of the pediatric department of the Krankenhausesund in June 2006, she officially opened under the name of Tayside Children's Hospital.
